Decentralized experimentation as engine of progress

Radical decentralization—where local units (schools, municipalities, states, business divisions) autonomously experiment and successful innovations 'bubble up' to the whole—is a powerful engine of development; Estonia's education success, Brandeis's 'laboratories of democracy,' Nadella's restructuring of Microsoft into startups, the Catholic Church's tolerance of orders like the Jesuits, and 'startup cities' like Hong Kong and Singapore all exemplify this principle as a way to escape stagnation.