Due to Earth's magnetic field, the maximum amplitude of an E1 pulse occurs slightly south of ground zero in the northern hemisphere, creating a pattern called a smile diagram.

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because of earth's magnetic field, the maximum amplitude occurs a little bit south of ground zero (in the northern hemisphere), creating this pattern called a smile diagram.

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How Would a Nuclear EMP Affect the Power Grid?Practical Engineering
Created: 8/10/2026, 9:46:21 PM

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