A 2012 comprehensive review by Brad Schoenfeld identified four potential connections between muscle damage and muscle hypertrophy gains: (1) damage results in inflammation responses with inflammatory cells linked to growth; (2) damage increases satellite cell activation, which may increase myonuclei and growth capacity; (3) damage may potentiate IGF-1 production involved in signaling hypertrophy; (4) damage causes muscle fiber swelling that may activate osmoreceptors promoting growth.