Closed-system deterministic machine models of the economy cannot work in a human society because that society is an open-ended system that cannot escape uncertainty: the world is always becoming something else through emergent novelty, complex systems and technological change, so no governing science could be valid for all times and places without godlike omniscience.

causalpending

Speaker

Abby Innes

Evidence Quote

the world is always becoming something else because we're imaginative. And you get emerging novelty and complex systems. We have technological changes. So the future is always going to be different from the past anyway. And actually our freedoms live in that openness.

Source

How neoliberalism broke economics | Dr Abby InnesThe Institute of Art and Ideas
Created: 6/18/2026, 1:57:30 PM

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