Claims

Primitive cells billions of years ago had low energy and limited capability, but when mitochondrial bacteria entered cells and began providing energy, this enabled the development of complex life with mobility and the transformation of Earth's biosphere.

The divided-attention function of hemispheres is fundamental to survival for all beings—one hemisphere concentrates on tiny details while the other maintains broad environmental vigilance for threats like predators, and this is the evolutionary reason for hemispheric specialization.

Males have asymmetric investment strategies: high investment in offspring with committed partners (paternal care helps offspring survival significantly) versus near-zero investment (mating and leaving is viable reproductive strategy because male parental investment is optional), making males drawn to 'hit and run' mating.

Xenobots have no evolutionary history of being independent organisms and no selection pressure to be xenobots; their behaviors, shapes, and kinematic self-replication are not explained by Darwinian selection—suggesting evolution creates general-purpose problem-solving agents whose capabilities extend far beyond the specific niches they were selected for.

A fly exhibits an ant-morphogenetic pattern on its wings to deter predators, simulating ants moving across its surface; this pattern is carried out by the same morphogenetic hardware as other patterns and demonstrates the flexibility and plasticity of how cells use their genetic toolkit.