Claims

Carl Popper laid out the theory of what is scientific and what is not, and what constitutes a good explanation versus a bad one; David Deutsch expands on this dramatically in 'The Beginning of Infinity'.

The world is vastly larger and more complex than any agent—containing billions of other agents and infinite intricate details—making it impossible for an agent to hold a complete world state in its mind or know all abstractions needed for any given environment

Materialism and physicalism are reaching their end as evidenced by the problem of the observer in physics, complexity theory, emergence problems, and the fundamental difficulty of explaining consciousness and meaning using purely descriptive or materialist frameworks.

The world is too complex for consciousness to handle without pattern-recognition; everything encountered has indefinite complexity scaling infinitely down and up, yet we perceive unity at every level, which requires that reality itself be fundamentally patterned and patterns scale hierarchically across all levels of phenomena.

The logic-structure-function framework says that when you see a structure or pattern in the world, you must ask (1) what logic produces it, (2) why do we see that particular structure and not others, and (3) does it matter functionally.

Libertarian free will—the idea that humans are somehow exempt from the laws of physics—is held by few modern scientists, and the real philosophical debate is between hard determinists (who deny agency despite physicalism) and compatibilists (who affirm it).

The fixed scientific cosmology presupposes 'irreducible brute matter'—unconscious, valueless, purposeless stuff spread through space—following a fixed routine imposed by external relations (relations that do not spring from the essential nature of things).