Oxford University's economics education is contrasted with contemporary Samuelson-style neoclassical economics education, which relies on Newtonian-type mechanical models and does not teach political economy or historical context.

FDR's reforms in the 1930s represented a major institutional cycle turning driven by the geopolitical crisis of WWII and economic crisis of the Great Depression; these reforms created new governmental and economic institutions suited to managing both total war and economic management on a scale previously unimaginable.