Silicon Triangle: The United States, Taiwan, China, And Global Semiconductor Security
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July 18, 2023 Hoover Institution | Stanford University
The Hoover Institution's working group on Semiconductors and the Security of the United States & Taiwan and the Asia Society’s Center on U.S.-China Relations invite you to the presentation of their new report, Silicon Triangle: The United States, Taiwan, China, and Global Semiconductor Security, featuring remarks from Senator Dan Sullivan at Hoover’s DC office on Tuesday, July 18th, from 4:00-6:00 pm.
Watch the introduction video on Semiconductors: https://youtu.be/swEo4GCcl8s
This panel discussion was in-person only.
FEATURING Senator Dan Sullivan | U.S. Senator, Alaska
Larry Diamond | William L. Clayton Senior Fellow, Hoover Institution
Admiral James Ellis (Ret.) | Annenberg Distinguished Visiting Fellow, Hoover Institution
Orville Schell | Arthur Ross Director of the Center on U.S.-China Relations at the Asia Society
Glenn Tiffert | Research Fellow, Hoover Institution
Matthew Turpin | Visiting Fellow, Hoover Institution
H.-S. Philip Wong | Willard R. and Inez Kerr Bell Professor, Stanford University School of Engineering
0:00 Introduction 13:34 Senator Dan Sullivan: Remarks + Report 30:51 Technological challenge towards building a resilient supply chain 35:58 How to Help Secure Taiwan 45:24 Recommendation Towards Supply of Chips 50:21 Why Is It Important To Meet The Standards Of The Semiconductor Challenge? 54:04 Audience Questions
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The United States must build a resilient semiconductor supply chain through domestic manufacturing, strategic partnerships with Taiwan and allied nations, and targeted policies to counter China's ambitions, while maintaining Taiwan's democracy as a critical linchpin of global technological and economic security.
- Taiwan currently produces 40% of the world's computing chips and dominates advanced node manufacturing, making it economically and strategically vital to US and global prosperity
- China is pursuing state-sponsored semiconductor self-sufficiency through massive subsidies and will likely dominate mature/legacy nodes if unchecked, enabling coercive economic leverage globally
- The US can recover competitive position through onshoring (from 12% to higher than current levels), tax incentives, R&D collaboration with Taiwan and allies, and expedited permitting—not subsidies alone
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Building semiconductor manufacturing capacity in the US is analogous to building a kitchen: having a facility is necessary but insufficient without the recipe (design/process technology) and chefs (skilled engineers and technologists who know how to build chips), making R&D and human talent critical for technological leadership.
“a lot of discussions we have currently has been on manufacturing bringing manufacturing to U.S soil resuring French storing Diversified supply chain and so on especially in the US we want to have chips manufactured in here what I'd like to draw an analogy is building manufacturing sites in the US it's similar to building a kitchen we have a kitchen but we don't have the recipe we don't have the chefs and having the recipe to build the chips having the people who knows how to build a chips is terrible important for us”
No country in the world has self-sufficiency in semiconductors; semiconductors are the poster child for a globalized, hyper-specialized economy. Even TSMC, the world leader in semiconductor manufacturing, relies on lithography machines from the Netherlands, chemicals from Japan, and design software from the United States, making China's pursuit of semiconductor self-sufficiency a dead end despite its massive financial investment.
“there's no country in the world that has self-sufficiency and semiconductors semiconductors are probably the poster child for the globalized hyper-specialized economy for example even tsmc the world leader in semiconductor technology relies on lithography machines from the Netherlands chemicals from Japan and design software from the United States it's just the nature of this product so China by alienating the world is pursuing a dead end”
The report recommends diminishing and dispersing the risks of supply chain disruption, which might come not only from military conflict but also from various natural disasters that could temporarily disrupt semiconductor supply
“we need to diminish and disperse the risks of supply chain disruption which might not only come from military conflict there's also the potential for various natural disasters that could temporarily disrupt Supply”
Chips are not like oil as commodities because oil is static (in the ground for millions of years) while chips must be constantly advanced and reinvented to show their value, requiring continuous investment in R&D to maintain technological leadership.
“chips are not like oil because oil is never change it's in the ground just take it up it's been here for millions of years chips you have to constantly Advance the technology in order to show its value take an example nobody's going to use a computer that's 10 years old every upgrade to another phone every three years so so chips have to be constantly reinvented Technologies constantly digital bands in order to show its value to society”
Mature or legacy node semiconductors still drive much of the value and revenues that semiconductor companies receive, and those revenues go back into R&D in large amounts, making legacy chips strategically important despite being older generations
“Legacy chips um still you know Drive much of the value that companies get from in terms of of the revenues that they make um and that and those revenues go back into r d uh in a large amount”
Senator Dan Sullivan made a first deployment as a US Marine to the Taiwan Strait during 1995-96 (the Third Taiwan Strait Crisis), where he served as a young first lieutenant infantry officer on a Marine Amphibious Ready Group, and President Clinton sent two carrier strike groups and an amphibious ready group to demonstrate US commitment and resolve with 1,200 US Marines ready to defend Taiwan.
“my first deployment as a U.S marine was the Taiwan Strait 95 96 was now referred to as the third Taiwan Strait crisis pla aggressively moved their military up to the Taiwan Strait they're shooting missiles over Taiwan on the eve of the first presidential the election of President Clinton his credit sent two carrier strike groups and a Marine Amphibious ready group I was young first lieutenant infantry officer on that ARG we call it mu ARG and that was the ship I was on”
The Taiwan Relations Act (1980) was a remarkable piece of foreign policy legislation in which the US Senate, led by Democrats and Republicans (84 Senators including a young Senator Joe Biden), rejected President Carter's plan to abandon Taiwan after normalization with Beijing, reasserting Congressional power and establishing enduring US commitment to Taiwan's defense.
“there's the Taiwan relations act one of the most remarkable foreign policy pieces of legislation in U.S history when you think about it one president was Jimmy Carter saying hey we're going to recognize Beijing this is the way it was moving for a decade bipartisan by the way and we're going to kind of let the Taiwanese fend for themselves the Senate primarily the U.S Senate came back said no we're not no we're not in our constitutional structure the U.S Senate has a lot of power and I think the final number I'm trying to always 84 Senators including a young Senator named Joe Biden by the way voted for the Taiwan relations act”
The CCP/Chinese Communist Party narrative in mainland and Taiwan media falsely claims that US efforts to onshore semiconductor production and diversify supply chains represent abandonment of Taiwan similar to Afghanistan, which threatens to undermine US credibility and Taiwan's commitment, and must be countered through collaborative policy-making that includes Taiwan in decision-making processes.
“the Chinese Communist Party narrative and media that they have some influence over on Taiwan is that this is a purely transactional relationship for the United States that once we offshore once we bring that stuff that capability home once we diversify that around the world that we're going to abandon Taiwan the Chinese say like we did Afghanistan”
Taiwan is reaching production capacity limits and experiencing a declining number of technological graduates from colleges and declining number of universities due to insufficient student population, and these are realities Taiwan is already confronting on its own, making the need for partnership even more critical
“they're gonna they're a production capacity limits like a limit function that they're reaching in Taiwan uh the number of uh uh you know technological graduates from colleges is declining the number of universities is declining because they don't have enough student population uh so there are some realities that uh that they're already confronting on their own”
The principle that should guide U.S. policy is George Schultz's aphorism: if you want trusted allies aboard at the landing, you have to have them aboard at the takeoff, meaning Taiwan and other partners should be included in policy formulation and implementation, not just informed after decisions are made
“George Schultz our Mentor at Hoover of many decades used to say if you want them aboard at the Landing you've got to have them aboard at the takeoff”
Mature/legacy node semiconductors are of two types: (1) older generations of logic technology with larger node sizes, and (2) specialty technologies built on top of mature nodes with special abilities (higher voltages, higher power, radiation hardness), and specialty technologies are not 'easy' to make but require extensive R&D efforts, making their production in the US a complex economic problem.
“mature no technology that there are two aspects of material Technologies we have to be clearly uh distinguish uh from a technical point of view one is mature no technology refers to older generations of the Logic Technology that is larger in size and so on so forth that is it if this first part is simply an older generation of your best node the other part of what we oftentimes completed also is that of the boundaries and assembly of the manufacturers would take those all the technology generations and build Special what they call Specialty Technologies on top of it to give them special abilities for example abilities to handle higher voltages higher power more reliable radiation hard”
The semiconductor shortage during COVID-19 demonstrated how reliant the US and world have become on chips that enable everything from iPhones to cars to medical equipment, and while supply chains have recovered from acute disruptions, massive looming threats to semiconductor supply remain tied to US-Taiwan-China relationships.
“the semiconductor shortage during the covid-19 pandemic showed how Reliant we've become on chips that enable everything from iPhones to cars to medical equipment thankfully we've rebounded from supply chain shortages but there remains a massive looming threat”
Authoritarian regimes under Putin and Xi Jinping are increasingly working together to achieve aggressive goals, driven by historical grievances and paranoia about democratic neighbors, and are willing to use military force and aggressive actions to crush democratic citizens of neighboring countries.
“we have entered a new era of authoritarian aggression led by Russia and China's dictators who are increasingly isolated and dangerous driven by historical grievances paranoid about their Democratic neighbors and willing to use military force and other aggressive actions to crush the citizens of such neighboring democracies these dangerous dictators Vladimir Putin achieving ping are increasingly working together to achieve their aggressive goals”
Taiwan produces 40 percent of the world's computing power each year and has an ever-stronger monopoly on the most advanced and most sought after chips across the globe.
“diplomatically isolated Taiwan produces 40 percent of the world's computing power each year and finds itself with an Ever stronger Monopoly on the most advanced and most sought after chips across the blow”
A successful PLA military invasion of Taiwan would result in a geostrategic loss in a vital area, boost Xi Jinping's authoritarian model, likely enable military breakout to other regional countries, result in massive economic sanctions impact (estimated at 2.5 trillion dollars according to State Department), and disrupt the global semiconductor supply chain with implications exceeding the Ukraine invasion's economic impact.
“in the aftermath of a successful military Invasion there are a number of things a geostrategic loss in a vital area of the world a boost to XI jinping's model a likely breakout one thing's not talked about... state department has put out numbers two and a half trillion dollars that would make the impact on the global economy in the U.S economy and our economy of our allies with regard to the Ukraine Invasion seemed like nothing”
Taiwan is the 21st century equivalent of West Berlin—a small democratic enclave surrounded by an authoritarian power with global strategic implications—and the US and its allies must maintain commitment to Taiwan's defense with the same resolve shown in the Berlin Airlift and Cold War confrontations.
“Taiwan is the 21st century West Berlin and I think we need to think about it that way... West Berlin... a symbol of authoritarian aggression versus a democracy that had implications for the whole world we knew it Americans knew it well what I've been saying is Taiwan is the 21st century West Berlin”
Three levels of deterrence can prevent a Chinese military invasion of Taiwan: Taiwan's ability to defend itself (the porcupine strategy), US military presence and power projection (historically effective in 1950s, 60s, and during 1996 Taiwan Strait crisis), and coordinated economic and financial sanctions by the US and allied nations representing 70 percent of global economy, which would provide the most important deterrent.
“three levels of deterrence if you look at page 18 which is taiwan's ability to defends itself the porcupine strategy which I think we haven't done enough on the next level is our which has been the critical one the U.S showing up again you look at the history 50s 60s 90s when there's been crises in the Taiwan Strait in the United States military power that's shown up and kept the waters there calm the third level though which I think could be the most important is actually and again it relates to your report economic Financial energy sanctions”
The US and allied countries should work with nations seeking to rise up the value chain—including India, Malaysia, Mexico, and Brazil—to prevent China from dominating mature node semiconductor technology, with a convergence of interests between the US and those nations in ensuring that China does not obtain coercive economic leverage.
“it's very much in our interests to work with other nations to ensure that doesn't happen to work with Nations that want themselves to rise up the value chain India Malaysia Mexico Brazil there can be a convergence of interests here between the United States and those Nations”
The Silicon Triangle report is a comprehensive study by a team of two dozen economists, military strategists, industry players, and regional policy experts developed over 18 months, recommending policies to strengthen domestic semiconductor resilience, deepen cooperation with partners, and deter Chinese aggression.
“over the past 18 months a team of two dozen economists military strategists industry players and Regional policy experts have been studying this complex triangle their silicon triangle report recommends policies to strengthen domestic resilience and technological competitiveness deep in cooperation between the United States and its partners and avoid future dependency on China”
China has identified semiconductors as one of a handful of critical technologies it seeks to master for both economic growth and regime security, driven by a mixture of ambition and insecurity stemming from its diplomatic isolation and perception of a closing global order resulting from Xi Jinping's policies.
“China has identified semiconductors as one of a handful of technologies that it seeks to master is key to the Future... areas and industries that it sees that the jobs of Tomorrow arriving in Economic Security... China is driven by a mixture of ambition and insecurity insecurity is that it sees a world closing in around it a world largely of its own making in the last several years under Xi Jinping which is alienated a great number of countries”
China has a weaker hand in the semiconductor space than the United States; while China will likely seek to retaliate against US export controls in other sectors where it holds stronger positions, China's export restrictions on gallium and germanium are more performative than consequential and will likely increase spot prices, making it more economical for others to source elsewhere.
“I'm not I'm not terribly worried about the gallium or germanium export controls in fact I just see them as a sort of performative Tit for Tat against the United States and in fact they they might actually set China back to the extent that they raise the spot prices on those Metals um they make it more economical for people to Source supplies else anywhere and fortunately neither of those occupy such an important share of the global market and semiconductors they're largely used for specialty applications we can we can route around those export controls fairly effectively yes it's an inconvenience but I think it just exemplifies really how China has a much weaker and in the semiconductor space than the United States”
Environmental regulatory processes, including the National Environmental Policy Act, state and local environmental regulations, can impose 18-month delays on obtaining permits for advanced semiconductor manufacturing facilities, preventing the establishment of leading-edge plants on timely schedules.
“if you're a plant trying to build a three four nanometer semiconductor manufacturing facility and it's going to take you 18 months just to get your environmental permits you're not going to have a Leading Edge plant by the time you can stand that up after all that environmental permitting”
China has changed the terms of global engagement in fundamental ways, shifting from decades of US-China convergence policy and globalized markets to a new era where national security, decoupling, and strategic competition require reorganizing global supply chains and separating capabilities from geopolitical rivals.
“China has now changed the terms of the Gang and Myriad ways this is one snarl a particularly important one because microchips are so fundamental that every aspect of human life now including our defense... engagement ending the whole Halcyon dream of globalization has ended it's not completely separated and we're left to deal with the question of how do we divide up how do we reorganize ourselves to do the sort of fundamental things in life that have to be done”
The United States currently produces 12 percent of the world's semiconductors, down from 37 percent historically, and while it cannot return to 37 percent, it can improve beyond the current 12 percent through realistic onshoring efforts.
“We once produced 37 percent of all the world's semiconductors it's now 12 percent we're not going to get up to 37 percent again but we can do better than 12 percent”
Bringing leading technology companies from Taiwan (TSMC, MediaTek, UMC), Korea, and Japan into the new National Semiconductor Technology Center (NSTC) would engage All-Star players in global R&D activities, guaranteeing success and technological leadership because having the R&D activity with All-Star players ensures advancing technology.
“bringing the leading technology companies from Taiwan tsmc of course mediatek UMC and so on as well as from Korea and Japan into the new uh semiconductor uh uh uh Science and Technology Center... we want that r d activity to be the best in the world so that we can be technology leader... bringing all the basically All-Star players around the world into a r d activity is the only way that we could make progress... if you have the r d activity that have All-Star player that would guarantee your success”
Granting H-1B visas to all foreign graduates of US universities pursuing advanced degrees in science, technology, engineering, and mathematics, and stapling a green card to their diploma, is a powerful way to accelerate American competitiveness by retaining global talent educated at US universities.
“granting H-1B visas for All Foreign graduates of U.S universities who are doing Advanced degrees in science technology engineering and math as late George Schultz Secretary of State in our long-time colleague at the Hoover institution said bring the best talent from all over the world to the United States educate them in the best universities which are our universities and then staple a green card to the to their diploma that is a powerful way to accelerate American competitiveness”
National security must be defined much more broadly than purely military considerations; it includes economic security and political security in the region, and the semiconductor supply chain is fundamental to all dimensions of national security.
“we Define National Security much more broadly than the purely military piece because it is that it's Economic Security there's political security uh in the region”
The US has extraordinary advantages relative to Russia and China: a global network of allies, lethal military force, world-class supplies of energy and natural resources, a dynamic high-tech economy, and most importantly, democratic values and commitment to liberty—which authoritarians fear because their weakness is that they fear their own people.
“the United States has extraordinary advantages relative to the dictatorships of Russia in China if we are wise enough to utilize and strengthen them our Global Network of allies our lethal military our world-class supplies of energy and other natural resources our dynamic high-tech economy which is what this is all about and most important are democratic values and commitment to Liberty Xi Jinping and Putin's biggest weakness and vulnerability is that they fear their own people”
Chips designed and manufactured in the US will remain more expensive than TSMC manufacturing due to cost structure differences, creating a price differential that incentivizes US chip designers and system companies (Apple, Qualcomm, AMD, Nvidia) to continue sourcing from TSMC for economic reasons despite US incentives.
“in terms of the the even with the incentives that the tax incentives that you've outlined even with the chips Act uh I think you've just hit on the point that you know chips in the United States especially leading in ships are still going to be more expensive you know so if you're Apple if you're Qualcomm your AMD you're in Nvidia you didn't just go to tsmc uh for technological reasons although again stipulate that they've gotten ahead in recent years the price differential was significant”
National Security costs associated with US export controls on semiconductors to China are significant and real, but the administration has made defensible choices based on preventing flows to PLA military and security programs, and design firms should think about long-term stability of partnerships with Chinese fabs given uncertain geopolitical futures.
“Under Secretary Estevez has made quite clear that the administration has made some very definitive uh actions based on National Security on what it is that we're going to deny uh to the PRC given the very high likelihood of very significant flows in the National Security and Military programs... if design firms are partnering with Chinese Fabs I mean I I just am I'm highly doubtful that that is going to be a long-term stable business setup and so we should then think about like what are the long-term costs of that”
Geopolitical risks in the Indo-Pacific include not just the Taiwan Strait but also the Senkaku Islands and South China Sea flash points, creating multiple potential military conflict scenarios that could escalate beyond intended scope, requiring risk assessment and military preparation beyond rational peacetime expectations.
“in his risk analysis uh of the of whether to uh stay in get out or reinvest or whatever um have a good look at the new crate I mean what about the South China Sea never mind the Taiwan Straits how about the singaku islands uh there are a lot of flash points and a lot of potential areas where we could have a military conflict which is unattended that can could lead to larger things so I think it's really important not to imagine that we're just in this kind of rational world where we have time to make rational judgments”
Authoritarians on the march rarely see their appetite diminish after each military success; instead, their appetite normally increases, as exemplified by the pattern that if China successfully takes Taiwan, they will use that military capability against the next country
“authoritarians on the March rarely um their appetite rarely diminishes after each meal it actually normally increases”
Information sharing on semiconductor supply chain status and incentivizing companies through the tax structure to build up inventories of certain types of supplies can contribute to domestic resilience
“There's a lot we can do in information sharing as well and in building up our inventories of certain types of supplies again the resilience element and in incentivizing companies with the tax structure to build up their inventories”
Like the chicken at breakfast who participates but the pig who is committed, Taiwan is genuinely committed to U.S.-Taiwan partnership in very real and personal terms, and the U.S. must understand and appreciate this, not treat Taiwan as a transactional tool that can be used and then discarded
“you know it's the old aphorism about the the breakfast where the you know the chicken is uh is uh participant but the uh the pig is committed kind of thing well taiwan's committed to uh to uh to this in in very real and personal terms and we need to to understand and appreciate that”
The U.S. cannot continue to provide subsidies to prop up non-profitable mature node fab businesses going forward; sustainable competitiveness requires market discipline
“Jim has mentioned earlier you cannot continue to provide subsidy to prop up these kinds of non-profitable business going forward”
China's overcapacity dumping of legacy chips will rob current semiconductor companies in the US, Taiwan, Korea, Japan, and Europe of the revenues they need to fund R&D, creating an 'innovation drag' where companies pull back from investments in cutting-edge technology advancement.
“we would see China produce or or build out over capacity and Legacy chips uh which would begin to be dumped onto our markets um and to begin to Rob our current semiconductor companies not only in the United States uh but in Taiwan in Korea and Japan and Europe uh from the revenues that they would use to continue to make advancements and drive innovation in these sectors um and that that that danger of sort of what lies in the future um as as over capacity comes online of of of Legacy chips those Legacy chips um still you know Drive much of the value that companies get from in terms of of the revenues that they make um and that and those revenues go back into r d uh in a large amount and as those companies lose that r d yeah what we see is you know our colleague Bob Atkinson at itif described as an innovation drag”
The Chips and Science Act provides 39 billion dollars in subsidies to companies building semiconductor manufacturing in the United States, but this is only 1 billion dollars more than TSMC has already committed to spending on building semiconductor fabs in Arizona alone, indicating subsidies alone are insufficient and American capitalism must be energized through a cost-competitive business environment.
“I want to put the 39 billion dollars in subsidies in the chips and science act which we look forward to flowing into companies that will be starting up Manufacturing in the United States it's a lot of money but it's one billion dollars less than tsmc has already committed just to building their semiconductor Fabs in Arizona alone and so for the long run we can't rely on subsidies we've got to harness and energize American capitalism”
Everything has dual-use applications in today's environment because computers used for games can also be used for calculating missile trajectories, so the term 'dual-use' has lost analytical relevance as a category for controlling sensitive technology.
“first of all in terms of dual use everything is still used these days so the term has lost relevance in this in today's environment everything is still used the computers that you use to play your games that can be used or calculating missile trajectory right so the in many ways anything has to do with some characters is still use”
A 2023 delegation to Taiwan that included Orville and Admiral Ellis met with Taiwan's president Tsai Ing-wen, during which the president's primary request was not strategic ambiguity or military capacity but real, long-term commitment and understanding from the US that Taiwan genuinely matters to American interests.
“what she wanted from the U.S more than anything else was commitment uh not strategic Ambi Unity kind of up and lights commitment but but the reality that we really do care so that she can take a message to their to her people but this is really about you and about the importance of Taiwan and its pivotal relationship with the United States”
The US could also consider blocking imports of chips dumped from China and encouraging the shifting of electronics manufacturing to third countries where the dumping problem won't exist, as alternative responses to anti-dumping duties.
“we can also look at those other things that looked at that that blocking Imports of these chips and encouraging the shifting and manufacturing of electronics uh to third countries where we won't have this kind of challenge”
India will be included in the grouping of reliable semiconductor trading partners alongside Japan, Korea, Singapore, and European partners, representing an expansion of the coalition beyond the traditional US-Japan-Korea triad.
“we've got to build secure and resilient uh Supply chains around reliable Partners I've mentioned several soon India will be coming uh on stream uh into that grouping as well”
Extending 100% tax depreciation for short-lived capital assets (including extremely expensive semiconductor equipment that can represent up to half the cost of a plant), extending the 25% chip manufacturing tax credit beyond 2027, and restoring full tax depreciation for R&D expenses claimed in the year incurred would significantly reduce cost calculations for semiconductor companies and induce them to make major manufacturing investment bets in the US.
“to extend the 100 tax depreciation for short-lived Capital assets that includes the extremely expensive equipment that goes into the semiconductor manufacturing plants which can be up to the half the cost of the plant so that they can get that full tax uh depreciation secondly to extend the 25 percent chip manufacturing tax credit beyond the 2027 Sunset... and third to restore full tax depreciation for r d expenses for these kinds of companies not spread over five years but to be able to be claimed by the company in the year that they were incurred... these kinds of tax policies could make a big difference in affecting the cost calculations that businesses are going through that would enable them or better induce them to make the gigantic awesome uh investment bets ON Semiconductor Manufacturing in the U.S”
The semiconductor industry is a business, not a religion, and sustainable solutions must allow all participants and players to make profit with evenly distributed margins (high or low), creating economic incentives for viable, vibrant long-term cooperation rather than relying on subsidies or altruism.
“this is a business it's not a religion and we have to find a way to have people make money to have it benefit all of the participants and players in this make sure that the profits and the margins high or low are evenly distributed and create that vibrant economy going forward”
Senator Sullivan served as National Security Council director under Condoleezza Rice as National Security Advisor, then as one of her assistant secretaries when she was Secretary of State, and considers her one of his best bosses and mentors, representing continuity of US commitment to Taiwan and security policy through multiple administrations.
“I was a NSC director under her when she was a national security advisor then when she was Secretary of State I was one of her assistant secretaries so uh and I still consider her not only my best boss I ever don't tell George W bush that um but uh just a mentor and someone who is world class in every way”
Semiconductors are foundational technology for everything humans do, including advanced technologies like artificial intelligence, quantum computing, and 5G/6G communications, all of which run on semiconductors
“chips are everywhere or anything that requires electricity requires power HF that uh behind the scene and so it's really foundational for everything that we do from the if you think about advanced technology such as artificial intelligence or AI Quantum Computing 5g6g Communications and so on they all run on chip so it's really foundational for everything that we wanted to do uh going today and also going forward”
China absolutely has the right to develop its economy, but not at the expense of U.S. jobs, industry, and security
“China absolutely has the right to develop its economy but not our expense expense of our jobs our industry and our security”