The West mishandled policy toward Russia in the 1990s through a combination of 'benign neglect' when engagement was needed and 'hectoring and patronizing policy' when restraint was warranted; going forward, the West should practice 'tough love'—opposing specific Russian actions while distinguishing between opposition to the regime and opposition to the Russian people, and offering a 'fast track back' to international engagement on terms that Russia must demonstrate it wants.