Economic reforms in the 1980s were bottom-up rather than top-down, with no centralized political decision to pursue reforms; People's Daily published competing editorials debating reforms, and intellectuals could criticize policies by name without immediate punishment for years.
factualpending
Speaker
Yasheng HuangEvidence Quote
“the economic reforms in the 1980s were much more bottom up rather than top down which means that when the reforms happened there was not yet a political decision to go with the reforms”
Source
Critical Issues Confronting China - Professor Yasheng Huang - November 29, 2023— Fairbank Center for Chinese Studies | Harvard UniversityCreated: 8/11/2026, 1:31:52 AM
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