Illiberalism is defined as a way of thinking about the world characterized by: embrace of inherent inequalities and hierarchies of nation, race, and gender; desire for cultural and religious uniformity; particularist rather than universal rights (rights contingent on location/membership rather than inherent to persons); marking of internal and external enemies; use of exclusion or expulsion to deal with threats; association of power with political violence; and prioritization of community will over rule of law.