2 claims in “international relations, economics”
The BRICS Kazan summit was underwhelming; the term 'gold' wasn't even mentioned in the final document despite expectations; the proposed alternative to the US dollar (the 'unit') never materialized; instead, BRICS agreed only to study and write a white paper on currency alternatives to report back to the next BRICS president—which is Brazil, allowing further delay
Japan was one of the first countries to coordinate with the U.S. and other G7 members to implement punitive sanctions against Russia following the 2022 invasion of Ukraine, including asset freezes, restrictions on SWIFT payment access, and restrictions on import and export of controlled items.