Claims

Starch is a carbohydrate made of long chains of glucose molecules and is the primary storage form of energy in plants

There are two main types of starch: amylose which is linear and amylopectin which is branched, with brown rice containing more resistant starch due to its higher amylose content

ATP (adenosine triphosphate) is the universal energy currency relied upon by creatures across the animal kingdom and is the bedrock of energy transformation in all living cells.

Fructose performs the Maillard (glycation) reaction seven times faster than glucose, accelerating protein browning and tissue damage

Autophagy (cellular self-cleaning) declines with age and when impaired leads to cell death, cancer, immunosuppression, cardiomyopathy, neurodegenerative diseases, and infectious disease; increased autophagy is protective and improves health span

Glycation (non-enzymatic glycation of proteins) occurs through the Maillard reaction when glucose binds to the epsilon amino group of lysine, forming a Schiff base that spontaneously decomposes into an irreversible amidori rearrangement; this is the same browning process that occurs in food at high heat and occurs in the body at 98.6°F over 75 years

Fructose causes tight junction proteins to become dysfunctional through nitration, allowing bacterial lipopolysaccharides and bacteria to translocate into the portal vein and directly to the liver, causing hepatic insulin resistance, hepatic inflammation, and fatty liver disease

Mitochondria are supposed to burn energy all the way to carbon dioxide as the end product, but most human mitochondria are dysfunctional and cannot complete this process efficiently when at their 'top flight' or when fit and healthy

Glucose activates two mitochondrial enzymes (AMP kinase and HADH) that increase mitochondrial beta-oxidation and fuel burning, and AMP kinase is a primary signal for generating new mitochondria; fructose inhibits three mitochondrial enzymes (AMP kinase, ACAD-L, and CPT-1A), blocking fatty acid beta-oxidation and mitochondrial biogenesis

AMP kinase is critical for triggering autophagy; when AMP kinase is not working, autophagy stops, and fructose binds to the gamma subunit of AMP kinase causing non-competitive inhibition, thereby shutting down autophagy and leading to cellular dysfunction